The author proposes that urban modernity in Valparaiso was possible due to the open-minded character of its inhabitants. This was not the case of other less-cosmopolitan cities still attached to tradition.
Duarte G., P. H., & Zúñiga L., I. M. (2007). Valparaíso cosmopolita: los efectos de la disposición hacia la técnica como parte de un espíritu progresista del siglo XIX. Revista De Urbanismo, (17). https://doi.org/10.5354/0717-5051.2007.279