Cartografía del acoso sexual callejero en Temuco: violencia de género, inseguridad y espacialidad
Autores/as
-
Jorge B. Ulloa-Martínez
Universidad Viña del Mar, Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas, Sociales y de la Educación, Chile.
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4938-5477
-
Víctor Castillo-Riquelme
Universidad Santo Tomás, Chile
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9190-9353
Descargar
Resumen
Este artículo analiza el acoso sexual callejero como una forma estructural de violencia de género en el espacio público urbano, con foco en la ciudad de Temuco, Chile. A partir de una encuesta digital implementada mediante Survey123 de ArcGIS, se recopilaron datos sobre experiencias de acoso, percepción de inseguridad y localización espacial de los eventos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 125 personas mayores de 18 años, con predominio de mujeres jóvenes con alta exposición al espacio urbano. El instrumento permitió identificar los tipos de acoso sufridos, los cambios en las movilidades adoptadas y las zonas de mayor incidencia de acoso en la ciudad.
Los resultados muestran una alta prevalencia de acoso verbal y físico, con inicio desde edades tempranas. Se identificaron tres zonas críticas donde se concentran los reportes: la Feria Pinto, el eje cívico-comercial y la plaza Dagoberto Godoy. El análisis de densidad espacial revela patrones territoriales asociados a factores ambientales y sociales. Se concluye que el acoso sexual callejero funciona como un mecanismo de exclusión urbana y control espacial, afectando la habitabilidad, la autonomía y el derecho a la ciudad. Se proponen recomendaciones para el diseño de políticas públicas con enfoque territorial y de género.
Palabras clave:
Acoso sexual callejero , Cartografía urbana , Espacio público , Género y ciudad , Inseguridad percibidaCitas
Adilah, N. H., Kusuma, H. E., & Purwaningrum, R. D. A. (2024). Model Hipotesis Kriteria Desain Pendekatan Feminisme untuk Perempuan Korban Kekerasan. RUAS, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.ruas.2024.022.02.6
Ahmad, N. M., Ahmad, M. M., & Masood, R. (2020). Socio-psychological Implications of Public Harassment for Women in the Capital City of Islamabad. Indian Journal of Gender Studies, 27(1), 77-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971521519891480
Avendaño, A. M. A., Romero-Mendoza, M., & Luis, A. H. G. S. (2022). From harassment to disappearance: Young women’s feelings of insecurity in public spaces. PLOS ONE, 17(9), e0272933. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272933
Barr, P. A. (1993). Perceptions of Sexual Harassment. Sociological Inquiry, 63(4), 460-470. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475682X.1993.tb00325.x
Basu, N., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., King, M., Kamruzzaman, Md., & Haque, Md. M. (2022). The influence of the built environment on pedestrians’ perceptions of attractiveness, safety and security. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 87, 203-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2022.03.006
Berman, H., McKenna, K., Arnold, C. T., Taylor, G., & MacQuarrie, B. (2000). Sexual harassment: Everyday violence in the lives of girls and women. ANS. Advances in Nursing Science, 22(4), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1097/00012272-200006000-00004
Bodford, J. E., Bunker, C. J., & Kwan, V. S. Y. (2021). Does perceived social networking site security arise from actual and perceived physical safety? Computers in Human Behavior, 121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106779
Bourdieu, P. (2000). La dominación masculina. Anagrama.
Britto, S., Stoddart, D., & and Ugwu, J. (2018). Perceptually contemporaneous offenses: Gender and fear of crime among African-American university students. Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice, 16(2), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/15377938.2017.1354117
Brown, C. S., & Biefeld, S. (2023). The Development of Perpetration and Tolerance of Sexual Harassment. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 32(1), 10-17. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214221141855
Carmona, M. (2019). Principles for public space design, planning to do better. URBAN DESIGN International, 24(1), 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-018-0070-3
CINVIT, & Mujer ArquitectA. (2024). Guía de Urbanismo Feminista para Gobiernos Locales Integrando la Perspectiva de Género en Proyectos Urbanos. Universidad de Valparaíso.
Contreras-Merino, A. M., Farhane-Medina, N. Z., & Castillo-Mayén, R. (2024). Unmasking Street Harassment in Spain: Prevalence, Psychological Impact, and the Role of Sexism in Women’s Experiences. Sex Roles, 90(9), 1136-1153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-024-01500-2
Cox, J. A., Beanland, V., & Filtness, A. J. (2017). Risk and safety perception on urban and rural roads: Effects of environmental features, driver age and risk sensitivity. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18(7), 703-710. https://doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2017.1296956
Cozens, P., & Love, T. (2015). A Review and Current Status of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED). Journal of Planning Literature, 30(4), 393-412. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412215595440
Crouch, M. (2009). Sexual Harassment in Public Places. Social Philosophy Today, 25, 137–148. https://doi.org/10.5840/socphiltoday20092511
DeKeseredy, W. S., Donnermeyer, J. F., & Schwartz, M. D. (2009). Toward a gendered Second Generation CPTED for preventing woman abuse in rural communities. Security Journal, 22(3), 178-189. https://doi.org/10.1057/sj.2009.3
Fairchild, K. (2023). Understanding Street Harassment as Gendered Violence: Past, Present, and Future. Sexuality & Culture, 27(3), 1140-1159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-022-09998-y
Fileborn, B., & O’Neill, T. (2023). From “Ghettoization” to a Field of Its Own: A Comprehensive Review of Street Harassment Research. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(1), 125-138. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211021608
Fluri, J. L. (2011). Bodies, bombs and barricades: Geographies of conflict and civilian (in)security. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 36(2), 280-296. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-5661.2010.00422.x
Fontaine, J. (2022). When Girls Walk: Mobilities of and Resistance to Affective Atmospheres of Unwelcome. Space and Culture, 25(4), 633-644. https://doi.org/10.1177/1206331220985459
Garrido, J. A., Billi, M. y González, M. J. G. (2017). ¡Tu “piropo” me violenta! Hacia una definición de acoso sexual callejero como forma de violencia de género. Revista Punto Género, 7, 7. https://doi.org/10.5354/2735-7473.2017.46270
Gómez, L., Álvarez, Y., Pauli, E. y Oviedo, D. (2022). Efectos del acoso sexual callejero sobre el desarrollo del miedo y la ansiedad en mujeres entre los 20 y 30 años en Panamá. Revista de Iniciación Científica, 8(1),1. https://doi.org/10.33412/rev-ric.v8.1.3509
Herrera, J., & McCarthy, B. (2023). Street Harassment Interpretations: An Exploration of the Intersection of Gender and Race/Ethnicity, and Mediator Variables. Violence Against Women, 29(3-4), 453-474. https://doi.org/10.1177/10778012221094067
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas. (2022). 18a Encuesta Nacional Urbana de Seguridad. Autor.
Kelly, L. (1987). The Continuum of Sexual Violence. En J. Hanmer, & M. Maynard (Eds.), Women, Violence and Social Control (pp. 46-60). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18592-4_4
Kern, L. (2019). Ciudad feminista. La lucha por el espacio en un mundo diseñado por hombres. Godot.
Kim, J.-H., Choi, W.-J., & Yoon, Y.-H. (2018). An Empirical Analysis on the Application of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) in Urban Park Area: Targeting to the Yangjae Citizen’s Forest in Seochogu, Seoul. Journal of People, Plants, and Environment, 21(1), 51-62. https://doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2018.21.1.051
Koskela, H., & Pain, R. (2000). Revisiting fear and place: Women’s fear of attack and the built environment. Geoforum, 31(2), 269-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7185(99)00033-0
Ley N.° 21.153 de 2019. Modifica el código penal para tipificar el delito de acoso sexual en espacios públicos. 16 de abril de 2019.
Lindgren, T., & Nilsen, M. R. (2012). Safety in Residential Areas. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 103(2), 196-208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2011.00679.x
Lizárraga, C., Castillo-Pérez, I., & Grindlay, A. L. (2025). Capturing what statistics miss: Mapping unsafe places and victimization experiences in the City of Granada, Spain. Cities, 156, 105501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2024.105501
Loewen, L. J., Steel, G. D., & Suedfeld, P. (1993). Perceived safety from crime in the urban environment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(4), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80254-3
López, M. C. (2020). Estado del arte sobre el acoso sexual callejero: Un estudio sobre aproximaciones teóricas y formas de resistencia frente a un tipo de violencia basada en género en América Latina desde el 2002 hasta el 2020. Ciencia Política, 15(30), 30. https://doi.org/10.15446/cp.v15n30.88280
Macmillan, R., Nierobisz, A., & Welsh, S. (2000). Experiencing the streets: Harassment and perceptions of safety among women. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 37(3), 306-322. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427800037003003
Madan, M., & Nalla, M. K. (2016). Sexual Harassment in Public Spaces: Examining Gender Differences in Perceived Seriousness and Victimization. International Criminal Justice Review, 26(2), 80-97. https://doi.org/10.1177/1057567716639093
Martínez-Líbano, J., Bulnes, J. G., Torres, N. O. y Arancibia, I. V. (2023). Consecuencias psicológicas, emocionales y sociales del acoso callejero: Revisión sistemática. Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología, 2(1). https://www.medigraphic.com/cgi-bin/new/resumen.cgi?IDARTICULO=109231
Mehta, V. (2014). Evaluating Public Space. Journal of Urban Design, 19(1), 53-88. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574809.2013.854698
Mela, A., & Tousi, E. (2023). Safe and Inclusive Urban Public Spaces: A Gendered Perspective. The Case of Attica’s Public Spaces During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Greece. Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering, 33(2), 2. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.33.2.33575
Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género. (2024). Informe anual de femicidio 2023. Autor.
Miranda, J. V., & van Nes, A. (2020). Sexual Violence in the City: Space, Gender, and the Occurrence of Sexual Violence in Rotterdam. Sustainability, 12(18), 18. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187609
Mohamed, A. A., & Stanek, D. (2020). The influence of street network configuration on sexual harassment patterns in Cairo. Cities, 98, 102583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102583
Municipalidad de Temuco. (2022). Caracterización de victimización y percepción de seguridad en Temuco y ranking delictual por región, provincia y comuna. Autor.
Navarrete-Hernandez, P., Vetro, A., & Concha, P. (2021). Building safer public spaces: Exploring gender difference in the perception of safety in public space through urban design interventions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 214, 104180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104180
Navarrete-Hernandez, P., Luneke, A., Truffello, R., & Fuentes, L. (2023). Planning for fear of crime reduction: Assessing the impact of public space regeneration on safety perceptions in deprived neighborhoods. Landscape and Urban Planning, 237, 104809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2023.104809
Nitschke, F. T., & Lam, M. (2021). Does Verbal Street Harassment Signal Perpetrator Dominance to Male and Female Observers? Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, 7(3), 281-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40750-021-00161-9
Observatorio contra el acoso callejero Chile. (2015). Estudio de caracterización y opinión sobre el acoso sexual callejero y sus posibles sanciones. Autor.
Ochoa, H. M., Krstikj, A., Noriega, M. C. Q. y Giorgi, E. (2024). Acoso sexual callejero, espacio público y cartografía: Riberas del Bravo, Ciudad Juárez, México. Revista INVI, 39(111), Article 111. https://doi.org/10.5354/0718-8358.2024.72172
Paydar, M., Kamani-Fard, A., & Etminani-Ghasrodashti, R. (2017). Perceived security of women in relation to their path choice toward sustainable neighborhood in Santiago, Chile. Cities, 60, 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2016.10.002
Pedersen, L. (2020). Moving Bodies as Moving Targets: A Feminist Perspective on Sexual Violence in Transit. Open Philosophy, 3(1), 369-388. https://doi.org/10.1515/opphil-2020-0134
Rau, M. (2024). Guía CPTED para mujeres. https://pbk.cl/pbk-webSite/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Guia-CPTED-para-Mujeres_compressed.pdf
Reid, I. D., Appleby-Arnold, S., Brockdorff, N., Jakovljev, I., & Zdravković, S. (2020). Developing a model of perceptions of security and insecurity in the context of crime. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 27(4), 620-636. https://doi.org/10.1080/13218719.2020.1742235
Rotundo, M., Nguyen, D. H., & Sackett, P. R. (2001). A meta-analytic review of gender differences in perceptions of sexual harassment. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(5), 914-922. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.5.914
Roy, S., & Bailey, A. (2021). Safe in the City? Negotiating safety, public space and the male gaze in Kolkata, India. Cities, 117, 103321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103321
Shenassa, E. D., Liebhaber, A., & Ezeamama, A. (2006). Perceived safety of area of residence and exercise: A pan-European study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 163(11), 1012–1017. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj142
Springer, S. (2011). Violence sits in places? Cultural practice, neoliberal rationalism, and virulent imaginative geographies. Political Geography, 30(2), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2011.01.004
Springer, S., & Le Billon, P. (2016). Violence and space: An introduction to the geographies of violence. Political Geography, 52, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2016.03.003
Stuardo, M. (2021, 19 noviembre). Municipio de Temuco aprueba ordenanza que sanciona con multas el acoso sexual callejero. BioBioChile. https://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/region-de-la-araucania/2021/11/19/municipalidad-de-temuco-aprueba-ordenanza-que-sanciona-el-acoso-sexual-callejero.shtml
Thompson, D. (1994). “The Woman in the Street:” Reclaiming the Public Space from Sexual Harassment. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism, 6. https://openyls.law.yale.edu/handle/20.500.13051/7188
Vera-Gray, F. (2016). Men’s stranger intrusions: Rethinking street harassment. Women’s Studies International Forum, 58, 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2016.04.001
Widya Putra, D., Salim, W. A., Indradjati, P. N., & Prilandita, N. (2023). Understanding the position of urban spatial configuration on the feeling of insecurity from crime in public spaces. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1114968
Yang, S., Dane, G., van den Berg, P., & Arentze, T. (2024). Influences of cognitive appraisal and individual characteristics on citizens’ perception and emotion in urban environment: Model development and virtual reality experiment. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 96, 102309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2024.102309
Zeng, E., Dong, Y., Yan, L., & Lin, A. (2023). Perceived Safety in the Neighborhood: Exploring the Role of Built Environment, Social Factors, Physical Activity and Multiple Pathways of Influence. Buildings, 13(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13010002
Twitter
Instagram